Europe’s Untapped Lithium Sources

on May 14, 2018

oilprice-logoWe normally associate Cornwall in England with scones and cream teas … or, if we are really metal nerds, we associate the sometimes-sunny southeast country of the British Isles with mining (particularly with tin mining).

The area dominated with igneous morphology has been mined since Roman times for tin, copper and a number of other metals.

But one metal, not surprisingly, that has never featured is lithium. I say “not surprisingly” because up to the end of the last century, it barely featured as a metal of value.

Nickel metal hydride batteries dominated the small appliance world and lead acid still served the rest. This century has seen an exponential growth in the use of lithium-ion batteries, from iPhones to electric cars to massive storage barns. The growth has been such that fears are mounting of a market shortage in the next decade, fueled in no small part by state support for electric vehicles (EVs) in Asia.

In fact, so urgent has the situation become that Chinese and Japanese battery makers are quietly buying into or buying up lithium deposits around the world to ensure they have secure supplies. Currently, Europe consumes around 25 percent of the world’s lithium, but is dependent on imports from Australia, Chile, Argentina and China.

Europe has been rather slow out of the blocks — European carmakers have ambitious plans to roll out an EV model for every one of their ranges by the end of this decade, but they have little or no security of supply over the raw material supply chain. Two AIM-listed companies are seeking to change that and create Europe’s first continental supplies.

In Cornwall, Cornish Lithium has partnered with the state-backed Satellite Applications Catapult to use satellite imaging to detect the signatures left by lithium deposits deep underground. Lithium is present in brines deep underground, up to 1 kilometer underground, according to a Telegraph article. Cornwall Cornish Lithium hopes the survey will identify economic deposits, and Innovate UK agrees, investing well over a $1 million in a pilot.

Across the Bay of Biscay in the considerably warmer but no less back of beyond northern region of Portugal, another opportunity is being created. AIM-listed Savannah Resources has announced a 52 percent upgrade to its proven resources at the Mina do Barroso lithium project in northern Portugal, The Telegraph explains.

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Fractal Energy Storage ConsultantsEurope’s Untapped Lithium Sources

Four Reasons Microgrids Haven’t Taken Off Yet

on May 13, 2018

Microgrids collaborate copasetically with distributed renewables, they guard against widespread blackouts, and they insure institutions against the losses those blackouts cause, so why aren’t they sprouting up everywhere?

A posse of microgrid developers pondered that question yesterday at the Microgrid 2018 conference in Chicago. Development can be slow because of planning, design and construction, they agreed, but the languor in microgrid development also has to do with a lack of understanding.

“It’s a simple discussion to get people excited,” said Michael Carlson, the president of Smart Grid North America for Siemens. “We can walk in and almost anywhere (people) are embracing the discussion—but moving forward there’s a lot of understanding that has to go along with it.”

1 Ignorance About Cost

A city Carlson declined to name wanted a completely green microgrid in a proposed development, he said. Siemens’ experts sat down with city officials, economic development officials and corporate leaders who had been working on the plan for some time. But then someone mentioned they wanted the microgrid “at or lower than the price I’m paying for power today.”

The city is in a region where power costs 8¢-9¢ per kilowatt hour, Carlson said, and a completely developed, sophisticated microgrid couldn’t promise to beat that price for electricity.

But customers who don’t understand the initial cost often don’t understand how the microgrid will ultimately save them money.

2 Ignorance About Revenue

Ameresco sells microgrids “under an energy savings approach,” said Michael Bakas, executive vice president for Ameresco’s Distributed Energy Systems. The capital cost of the microgrid is paid for over time by energy-demand savings, he said, as well as by revenue it may generate as an independent system operator selling power.

So the developer should anticipate two sources of support: energy savings and energy revenue.

“If we can drive it to a point where it’s an easy business decision, that will see them move along quicker,” he said.

Those cash flows can be invisible because they have little to do with the reason institutions pursue microgrids: resilience from power outages.

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Fractal Energy Storage ConsultantsFour Reasons Microgrids Haven’t Taken Off Yet

Why We Don’t Need To Wait For Long Duration Energy Storage

on May 13, 2018

CleantechnicaLast week, CleanTechnica took a look the Energy Department’s vision for long duration energy storage, and we kind of brushed right past the nuclear energy angle. Here to fill in the gap is Mike Jacobs, senior energy analyst with the Union of Concerned Scientists’ Climate & Energy program.

Is There Something Going On Between Nuclear Energy And Energy Storage?

CleanTechnica called upon Mike to provide some additional insights into the Energy Department’s “DAYS” program, which is aimed at developing next-generation energy storage that can provide electricity in the 10-to-100 hour range.

A main goal of the program is to accelerate the transition away from fossil fuels and into wind and solar, while ensuring grid reliability and stability.

In an exclusive email to CleanTechnica, Mike indicates that the agency’s $30 million in funding is needed because the need for long-duration energy storage hasn’t jogged private investment dollars into action yet (following are Mike’s remarks in full, unedited except breaks added for readability and explication):

The ARPA-E initiative for long-duration energy storage (DAYS) is a welcome contribution to the RD&D stimulation of new solutions for our economy.  The economic signals for private sector investment in long-duration stationary storage are weak, because the “customer” in the utility sector has separated the competitive power plant market, which has a short time horizon, from the responsibilities for reliability and over-all integration of technology types.

Mike notes that pumped hydro, which is virtually the only bulk energy storage technology on the market today, has limited application:

You can see the change in the utility industry that once supported the construction (if not new innovations) of long-duration storage. As ARPA-E says, pumped storage hydro (PSH) has played a role on the grid, but has been limited by the large size that inhibits financing and the large environmental impacts that reduce the chance for permitting.

The nuclear angle comes in where Mike points out that the nuclear energy boom spurred the development of pumped hydro:

The boom-times for PSH was when the utilities were building nuclear power plants, and the storage in PSH was intended to absorb surplus production from nuclear plants at night and use that energy in the day.

Interesting, right?

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Fractal Energy Storage ConsultantsWhy We Don’t Need To Wait For Long Duration Energy Storage

What Would Happen if Arizona Required Solar Power for All New Homes?

on May 13, 2018

AZ-CentralThe California Energy Commission this week required all new homes built in that state to have rooftop solar starting in 2020.

The bold new requirement raises an interesting question for the Golden State’s sun-drenched neighbor: What would happen if Arizona enacted such a policy?

Some new housing developments offer solar as an option, or even a standard feature, but Arizona doesn’t require the panels on new homes.

The new California regulations, which also include a variety of energy-efficiency measures like low-power lighting and insulation, are expected to add about $9,500 to the cost of a new home.

That should add about $40 to the average monthly payment on a 30-year mortgage, according to the energy commission.

But the panels are estimated to save customers about $80 a month in heating, cooling and lighting, according to the commission. That is a savings of about $19,000 over the usual 20-year lifespan of solar panels.

If Arizona passed a similar initiative, the cost would be about the same, though housing prices, in general, are higher in California than Arizona.

The value of rooftop solar would be slightly less for Arizonans, however, because energy generally costs less here. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, homes in Arizona paid about 12 cents per kilowatt-hour of electricity in February this year. In California, the cost was about 19 cents per kilowatt-hour.

So a system that generates 500 kilowatt-hours of electricity a month in California saves customers $95 a month there, while the same system (not accounting for weather differences in each state) would save an Arizonan $60.

Supply-demand concerns in Arizona

Arizonans have shown strong interest in solar — more than 77,000 Arizona Public Service Co. customers have rooftop panels.

But utilities here are increasingly focused on using batteries in addition to solar so that the supply of energy from solar panels can be stored and used when it is needed later in the day.

APS spokeswoman Jenna Rowell said the utility has not taken a formal position on the California requirement. Salt River Project officials didn’t immediately respond to questions regarding whether they would support a similar measure in Arizona.

The new California standards don’t require battery storage for homes, but if a home has a battery, the size of the solar array required on the roof is reduced.

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Fractal Energy Storage ConsultantsWhat Would Happen if Arizona Required Solar Power for All New Homes?

The Best Renewable Energy Stock You’ve Never Heard Of (And It Pays a 3.3% Dividend)

on May 12, 2018

the-motley-foolThings are moving fast in renewable energy. Really fast. Consider that in 2008 wind farms supplied just 1.5% of all electricity in the United States. But by 2019 wind power is expected to contribute 6.9% of American electricity and overtake hydropower as the top renewable energy source.

The rise of wind power wouldn’t have been possible without two companies in particular, which combine to own 20.7 gigawatts of wind capacity, or about 24% of the country’s total. Investors wouldn’t be surprised to learn that clean energy provider NextEra Energy is one of the renewable energy stocks most important to American wind power. However, the relatively unheard of natural gas and electric utility Xcel Energy (NASDAQ:XEL) doesn’t seem to garner nearly the same level of attention. Overlooking it could be a mistake.

With 10-year total returns of 226% and plans to grow its dividend and EPS at annual clips of 5% to 7% — all while investing billions in new wind and solar capacity — it could be the best renewable energy stock you’ve never heard of.

By the numbers

One look at Xcel Energy’s geographic footprint shows why it’s a leading player in wind power. All of its operations are located in the American wind corridor from the Dakotas to West Texas. The region is home to the majority of the nation’s wind capacity, including all of the company’s 6.7 GW.

That will make it a lot easier to reach the long-term goals to shift its generation mix away from fossil fuels and toward renewable energy. Consider how the company’s generation mix has changed and is expected to change over time:

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Fractal Energy Storage ConsultantsThe Best Renewable Energy Stock You’ve Never Heard Of (And It Pays a 3.3% Dividend)

Panasonic, Tesla Reveal Plan to Produce Lithium Batteries in China

on May 12, 2018

Panasonic looks likely to begin producing a lithium-ion battery batteries in China in partnership with Tesla. The announcement came from the company’s CEO Kazuhiro Tsuga on the occasion of the earning conference for its 2018 financials, which was held on Thursday, according to Reuters.

No more details, however, were given about the factory’s size or the amount of the required investment for project.

Earlier this year, Panasonic started manufacturing lithium-ion batteries for Tesla’s energy storage products and electric vehicles in the U.S. state of Nevada – at its much fabled Gigafactory. The two companies also collaborated on the production heterojunction with intrinsic thin layer (HIT) solar cells in Buffalo, New York.

The group’s solar business, however, was listed among the low-profitable divisions for last year, although the Eco Solutions segment, in which battery storage and solar is included, saw revenues and profits  increase slightly. The Eco Solutions segment registered a 4.5% increase in sales at JPY 1,623.5 billion. The division operating profit also grew slightly from JPY 64.2 billion to JPY 72.5 million.

In particular, Panasonic’s electrical construction materials business in India, Turkey and Vietnam, water-related products in Japan, as well as the heat-exchanging ventilation units in China, and electrical construction materials business, contributed to the positive results of the segment in the latest fiscal year.

As for its solar business, Panasonic said in its financial statements that it started selling individual cells in addition to its conventional module sales, and that it has reviewed the module production structure, including winding up module production at its Shiga plant. Operations at Shiga were expected to be shut down by the end of the first quarter of this year. Earlier this year, Panasonic ceased production of silicon ingots at a factory in the U.S. state of Oregon.

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Fractal Energy Storage ConsultantsPanasonic, Tesla Reveal Plan to Produce Lithium Batteries in China

Let’s Count the Many Ways Microgrids Serve the Greater Good

on May 12, 2018

If you think of microgrids as mere backup power, think again. That was the message from panelists at Microgrid 2018 who described how microgrids serve the greater good in the U.S and abroad.

Their projects include electrifying parts of Somalia, helping prevent brain drain in Africa and India, cost-effectively solving a utility’s peak problems in New York City, and providing electricity and heat for communities during outages.

Moderator Michael Kilpatrick, vice president of power systems solutions for S&C Electric, related a personal story that drove home how microgrids serve the greater good. While he was staying in a hotel with his family, power was knocked out. He and his family went downstairs to the lobby to leave, only to find that about 14 panicky people in wheelchairs had assembled.

If a microgrid had been close by, these people who needed medical care would likely have found a safe haven, he said.

“As big storms displace people in communities, the grid is critical,” he said.

Stabilizing war-torn Somalia

During the first panel, Sean Brooks, director of business development, SolarGen Technologies, described his company’s move into Somalia as the war-torn country started to stabilize. SolarGen began in Nigeria with solar pumping projects, but saw that Somalia, with some of the highest electricity rates in the world, was a good market for mini-grids.

At first, people in Somalia wanted solar street lights, Brooks said. “This was simple with an enormous impact” because it allowed Somalian businesses to operate for longer periods of time, he said. Next the company provided solar-powered pumping stations. And last year, SolarGen was awarded funds from government and aid organizations to electrify 200 houses in Somalia with solar mini-grids.

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Fractal Energy Storage ConsultantsLet’s Count the Many Ways Microgrids Serve the Greater Good

Axiom Exergy Closes Series A for Grocery Store Thermal Storage With Shell, GXP

on May 11, 2018

Greentech-MediaNew money is flowing to small thermal storage startup Axiom Exergy.

The company closed a $7.6 million Series A to scale its cold-storage device for grocery stores, bringing its total funds raised to $12.5 million. Shell Ventures and GXP Investments led the round, which also included WorldQuant Ventures, SV Tech Ventures and Meson Capital.

The 15-person startup will use the funds to grow its grocery partnerships from initial installations with Whole Foods and Walmart. The company also plans to expand its cloud-based data analytics to optimize how its product shifts stores’ electricity consumption.

“Where we really deliver a lot of value is when we take that flexibility and operate it in a really intelligent way,” said Axiom Exergy CEO and co-founder Amrit Robbins. “We have a deep understanding of the refrigeration assets and the thermal systems in these cold-chain facilities like grocery stores.”

The investment places a bet on the small and often overlooked thermal storage industry.

Most energy storage startups these days use batteries to store electricity electrochemically, but a handful of entrepreneurs sell devices to store energy in hot or cold insulated vessels. These can save money for customers by delivering that stored heating or cooling when electricity prices peak; they typically employ off-the-shelf components that entail minimal technology risk.

Now that an oil and gas supermajor and a handful of venture capital firms have put some money in the ring, others may follow. Shell this week also announced an investment in GI Energy, a distributed energy specialist based in Chicago.

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Fractal Energy Storage ConsultantsAxiom Exergy Closes Series A for Grocery Store Thermal Storage With Shell, GXP

Saltwater Batteries Could Revolutionize Renewable Energy Storage

on May 11, 2018

Edgy-LabsBy 2020, residents of California will have to comply with a new law that requires them to incorporate solar panels into their new homes.

The California Energy Commission voted to approve the new legislation yesterday. Now passed, it will make the sun-drenched state the first in the U.S. state to mandate the installation of solar panels.

The solar-energy regulations could cause the cost of the construction of new homes to soar by up to $30,000. However, homeowners would save up to $60,000 in the long run from using solar power.

Scalable and Cheap Saltwater Batteries

Until other states follow suit, Californians better start looking for an efficient solar energy storage system.

It just so happens that one of California’s leading research centers has been working on renewable saltwater batteries that could ease a lot of these costs.

When it comes to a home battery for renewables, there are a few main concerns that any storage solution must answer: how much electricity it can store, how much energy is lost on charge and discharge, and for how long can the system operate.

Materials scientists at Stanford University developed a manganese-hydrogen storage technique to accommodate solar and wind-generated power.

The new saltwater batteries are easy to produce as they only require manganese sulfate (a type of salt), water, and simple electrodes for the necessary catalytic reactions to take place.

 “What we’ve done,” said Yi Cui, who led the research, “is thrown a special salt into water, dropped in an electrode, and created a reversible chemical reaction that stores electrons in the form of hydrogen gas.”

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Fractal Energy Storage ConsultantsSaltwater Batteries Could Revolutionize Renewable Energy Storage

Energy Storage Gains Washington’s Support

on May 11, 2018

oilprice-logoWhen Secretary of Energy Rick Perry announced US$30 million in funding for energy storage projects at the beginning of this month, he drew praise from renewable energy-focused media as the latest indication that energy storage is so important and attractive that even fossil fuel-friendly Washington is throwing its weight behind it.

Indeed, the US$30 million that will be used for research into energy storage installations that can provide reliable electricity for periods of 10 to 100 hours is good news for renewables: solar and wind are the first thing that springs to mind when you hear energy storage. It is energy storage that can make them a mainstream method of generating electricity, replacing fossil fuel power plants.

While the praise is deserved, the Department of Energy’s move could be seen from another angle as well: it may not be only about pushing renewables into the mainstream as jumping on the energy storage bandwagon, which is getting bigger and shinier by the day. Everyone is working on energy storage—and not only to increase renewable energy use, but also to make the grid more resilient to peaks and slumps in demand.

What’s more, energy storage systems could make electricity bills slimmer in some places. Ontario is a case in point here: large companies in the Canadian province have seen their electricity bills swell considerably since 2010. In Toronto, bills jumped by as much as 53 percent between 2010 and 2016 because electricity providers passed on to them their Global Adjustment costs stemming from the provision of adequate generation capacity.

So, we’ve got boosting renewables use, improving grid resilience, and potentially cutting electricity bills among the benefits of the government’s funding program. But is this funding as substantial and significant as it may seem to some? Maybe not.

Besides the US$30-million energy storage funding, the Department of Energy recently announced that it was allocating US$60 million for what it calls advanced nuclear technology development. The department has selected 13 projects that will share the funding and has plans to award an additional US$40 million by the end of the year on more nuclear tech projects. That’s more than three times the funding allocated for energy storage.

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Fractal Energy Storage ConsultantsEnergy Storage Gains Washington’s Support