When we think of a microgrid, we typically think of an installation which relies on a few sources of energy and supplies relatively few consumers with electricity. We automatically think of isolated regions – in fact, microgrids are typically equated with fully grid-independent standalone systems.
By contrast, hybrid microgrids can be connected to small public, regional or even national power grids. At the same time, they do need to be able to operate in complete self-sufficiency in order to supply consumers with electricity as needed. The power output of such hybrid microgrids ranges from a few kilowatts to several megawatts.
The customary purpose of conventional microgrids is to supply power to offgrid regions and facilities. However, the main goal of hybrid microgrids is to reduce the costs of energy provision and move more in the direction of complete independence from fossil fuels by raising the proportion of renewable energy in the energy mix. In some particular applications, there is a grid connection, but the grid is not sufficiently stable. Then the hybrid microgrid is intended to secure the supply of energy, even in the event of a blackout.
Complex requirements
Their various functions and modes of operation mean that hybrid power plants – and in particular, their energy management systems – face complex requirements. They must be able to incorporate local energy sources such as solar energy or small hydrostations, ensuring that the proportion of renewables is as great as possible, particularly with regard to the reduction of carbon emissions. The different energy generators must also be monitored and controlled accordingly in real time. This is the job of the energy management system (EMS). Acting in a manner similar to that of an orchestral conductor, the EMS monitors and optimizes all the important parameters, such as frequency and voltage, as well as active, reactive and apparent power.
As proven by the approximate 70 projects brought to fruition worldwide, electricity consumption rises as soon as a stable power supply becomes available, and this increase in consumption can range anywhere from 7 to 24%. A hybrid microgrid must also be able to keep up with and adjust to rising demand for energy.
Since power plants are designed to operate for at least 20 years, advancements in technology and components must be taken into account. Hybrid microgrids should be made ready to incorporate new developments and amended technologies – ideally regardless of the manufacturer, since market change is a given. Existing companies could disappear from the market or new suppliers could enter it and introduce innovative new technologies. Therefore, the EMS should be able to monitor and control technology of any origin.
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